Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] Sexually Transmitted Disease That Causes Cancer
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Papilloma Virus (HPV) Electron
micrograph of a negatively stained human papilloma virus (HBV) which occurs in
human warts.
HPV / Oral
Cancer Facts
The link
between oral sex, HPV and cancer has been receiving more attention in recent
years.
HPV is a
virus that's transmitted through sexual contact -- genital or oral. There are
more than 40 types, according to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, and approximately 79 million Americans are currently infected. Most
people have no symptoms.
"HPV is
so common that nearly all sexually active men and women will get at least one
type of HPV at some point in their lives," the CDC's website states.
"In most cases, the virus goes away and it does not lead to any health
problems. There is no certain way to know which people infected with HPV will
go on to develop cancer."
HPV has also
been linked to cervical cancer, penile cancer and anal cancer, according to the
CDC. These can be passed to the mouth and throat and infect cells there through
oral sex, and even open-mouthed kissing, according to a 2009 study in the
Journal Of Infectious Diseases. These infected cells sometimes form into
tumors.
HPV is the
most common sexually transmitted virus and infection in the US.
There are
nearly 200 different strains of HPV, most of which are harmless and not cancer
causing. Out of all these 9 are known to cause cancers, and another 6 are
suspected of causing cancers. In oral cancers we are primarily concerned with
HPV number 16 which is also associated with cervical, anal, and penile cancers.
You can have
HPV without ever knowing it because the virus often produces no signs or
symptoms that you will notice, and the immune response to clear it is not a
process that you will be aware of.
Every day in
the US, about 12,000 people ages 15 to 24 are infected with HPV. According to
data from the ongoing NHANES study, approximately 26 million Americans on any
given day have an oral HPV infection. Of those approximately 2600 are HPV16.
The vast majority of individuals will clear the virus naturally through their
own immune response, and never know that they were exposed or had it.
If you test
positive for HPV, there is no sure way to know when you were infected with HPV,
or who gave it to you. A person can have HPV for many years, even decades,
before it is detected or it develops into something serious like a cancer. In
the vast majority of infected people, even with a high risk version of HPV
known to cause cancers, they will not develop cancer.
Testing
positive for an HPV infection does not mean that you or your partner is having
sex outside of your relationship. It is believed to have long periods of
inactivity or dormancy that may even cover decades; these are periods of time
that you will test negative for it.
Sexual
partners who have been together for a while tend to share all types of sexual
infections. Typically if one partner has a fungal infection like Candida, the
other partner has it as well, even though they may appear to be asymptomatic.
The same is true of other common sexual infections like Chlamydia, a bacterial
infection. HPV viral infections also are commonly shared. This means that the
partner of someone who tests positive for HPV likely has HPV already, even
though they may have no signs or symptoms. Like most Americans, their immune
system will customarily clear it in under 2 years.
Condoms may
lower your chances of contracting or passing the VIRUS TO your sexual partners,
if used all the time and the right way. However, HPV can infect areas that are
not covered by a condom- so condoms may not fully protect against HPV.
HPV and Oral
Cancer:
HPV is the
leading cause of oropharyngeal cancers (the very back of the mouth and part of
what in lay terms might be called a part of the throat), and a very small
number of front of the mouth, oral cavity cancers. HPV16 is the version most
responsible, and affects both males and females.
In the
oral/oropharyngeal environment, HPV16 manifests itself primarily in the posterior
regions (the oropharynx) such as the base of the tongue, the back of the
throat, the tonsils, the tonsillar crypts, and tonsillar pillars.
Risk
Factors:
Number of
sexual partners- The greater your number of sexual partners, the more likely
you are to contract a genital HPV infection; and when engaging in oral sex,
this also holds true for oral infections. Having sex with a partner who has had
multiple sex partners also increases your risk.
Weakened
Immune Systems- People who have weakened immune systems are at greater risk of
HPV infections. Immune systems can be weakened by HIV/AIDS or by immune
system-suppressing drugs used after organ transplants.
Oral Cancer
Signs and Symptoms:
This list
considers both oral cancers from HPV and those from tobacco and alcohol:
- An ulcer or sore that does not heal within 2-3 weeks
- A red, white, or black discoloration on the soft tissues in the mouth
- Difficult or painful swallowing. A sensation that things are sticking in the throat when swallowing
- A swollen but painless tonsil. When looking in the mouth, tonsils on both sides should be symmetrical in size
- Pain when chewing
- A persistent sore throat or hoarse voice
- A swelling or lump in the mouth
- A painless lump felt on the outside of the neck, which has been there for at least two weeks.
- A numb feeling in the mouth or lips
- Constant coughing
- An ear ache on one side (unilateral) which persists for more than a few days.
How do
people get HPV?
HPV is
passed on through genital contact, most often during vaginal, anal and oral
sex.
You are more
likely to get HPV if you have many sex partners or a sex partner who has had
many partners.
Many people
don’t have symptoms and are unaware that they have HPV.
The virus
may be inactive for weeks, months and for some people possibly even years after
infection.
What does
that mean for my health?
Partners
usually share HPV. If you have been with your partner for a long time, you
probably have HPV already. Although HPV is the most commonly transferred sexual
infection, in most people it is cleared by the immune system in under 2 years.
Individuals with persistent infections are at risk for several types of cancers
depending on the location of the infection.
How common
is HPV?
HPV is the
most commonly sexually transmitted infection. The CDC estimates that there are
6.2 million new infections each year in the United States. The vast majority of
Americans will have some form of HPV early in their sexual experiences. Since
it is so common, there is nothing to be ashamed about. If you are diagnosed
with HPV, talk to your health care provider about it. HPV's are divided into 9
high risk types and more than 150 others that either cause benign warts, or do
nothing at all that we know of at all.
How do I
know if I have HPV?
The only way
to know if you have an HPV infection is if your health care provider tests you
for the virus. For females, in relationship to cervical discovery, this may be
done directly from the Pap test cervical exam or by using an additional swab at
the time of the Pap test. The CDC now recommends an HPV test for women along
with the pap test as a matter of routine. Oral HPV testing in both men and
women is problematic.
Is there a
cure for HPV?
There is no
cure for the virus. Most of the time, HPV goes away by itself within two years
and does not cause health problems, It is only when HPV stays in the body for
many years that it might cause these oral cancers.
HPV Vaccines
Two vaccines
known as Gardasil and Cervarix protect against the strains of HPV that cause
cervical cancers (HPV16 and 18), Garadsil also protects against two versions
that cause genital warts (HPV6 and 11).
The National
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine HPV vaccination
for girls ages 11 and 12, as well as girls and women ages 13 to 26 if they
haven’t received the vaccine already. The Gardasil vaccine has also been
approved for use in boys and men, 9 through 26 years old. These vaccines are
most effective if given to children before they become sexually active. If you
have already been exposed to HPV, the vaccines will not for work you. So
vaccination at pre-sexual ages brings the most protection.
Source: Oral cancer foundation and CNN
Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] Sexually Transmitted Disease That Causes Cancer
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